Succinate salt of O-desmethyl-venlafaxine

ABSTRACT

A novel salt of O-desmethyl venlafaxine is provided, O-desmethylvenlafaxine succinate. Pharmaceutical compositions, dosage forms and methods of use are also provided.

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.10/985,292, filed Nov. 10, 2004 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,026,508); which isa divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/654,756, filed Sep. 4, 2003(now abandoned); which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No.10/073,743, filed Feb. 11, 2002 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,673,838); whichclaims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/297,963, filedJun. 13, 2001, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/268,214, filedFeb. 12, 2001, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a novel salt of O-desmethyl-venlafaxine,O-desmethyl-venlafaxine succinate, as well as polymorphs, pharmaceuticalcompositions, dosage forms, and methods of use with the same.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

O-desmethyl venlafaxine is a major metabolite of venlafaxine and hasbeen shown to inhibit norepinephrine and serotonin uptake. Klamerus, K.J. et al., “Introduction of the Composite Parameter to thePharmacokinetics of Venlafaxine and its Active O-Desmethyl Metabolite”,J. Clin. Pharmacol. 32:716-724 (1992). O-desmethyl-venlafaxine,chemically named 1-[2-(dimethylamino)-1-(4-phenol)ethyl]-cyclohexanol,was exemplified as a fumarate salt in U.S. Pat. No. 4,535,186. However,the fumarate salt of O-desmethyl-venlafaxine has unsuitablephysicochemical and permeability characteristics.O-desmethyl-venlafaxine is also exemplified as a free base inInternational Patent Publication No. WO 00/32555.

Salt formation provides a means of altering the physicochemical andresultant biological characteristics of a drug without modifying itschemical structure. A salt form can have a dramatic influence on theproperties of the drug. The selection of a suitable salt is partiallydictated by yield, rate and quantity of the crystalline structure. Inaddition, hygroscopicity, stability, solubility and the process profileof the salt form are important considerations. The identification of asalt form that exhibits a suitable combination of properties can bedifficult.

Solubility is one important characteristic of a salt form that canaffect its suitability for use as a drug. Where aqueous solubility islow, i.e. less than 10 mg/ml, the dissolution rate at in vivoadministration can be rate limiting in the absorption process leading topoor bioavailability. Hygroscopicity is also an importantcharacteristic. Compounds having low hygroscopicity tend to have betterstability and easier processing.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a novel salt of O-desmethyl-venlafaxine,O-desmethyl-venlafaxine succinate (hereinafter referred to as “ODVsuccinate”). The novel salt of the present invention has propertieswhich are particularly suitable for use as a drug, including improvedsolubility, permeability, and bioavailability. For example, ODVsuccinate is well absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore,oral administration of ODV succinate results in a lower incidence ofnauseau, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, headache, vaso-vagalmalaise, and/or trismus than oral administration of venlafaxine,O-desmethyl-venlafaxine, and salts of O-desmethyl-venlafaxine other thanODV succinate. Additionally, sustained release oral formulations of ODVsuccinate result in a lower incidence of nauseau, vomiting, diarrhea,abdominal pain, headache, vaso-vagal malaise, and/or trismus than oraladministration of venlafaxine, O-desmethyl-venlafaxine, and salts ofO-desmethyl-venlafaxine (other than sustained release oral formulationsof ODV succinate). Pharmaceutical compositions comprising ODV succinateand pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients are alsoprovided. Preferably, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise an amountof ODV succinate effective to treat the desired indication in an animal,such as a human.

In further embodiments of the present invention are provided methods oftreating patients suffering from depression (include, but not limitedto, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and dysthymia),anxiety, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, post traumaticstress disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, fibromyalgia,agorophobia, attention deficit disorder (with and withouthyperactivity), obsessive compulsive disorder (includingtrichotillomania), social anxiety disorder, autism, schizophrenia,obesity, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, Gilles de la TouretteSyndrome, vasomotor flushing, cocaine and alcohol addiction, sexualdysfunction (including, but not limited to, premature ejaculation),borderline personality disorder, chronic fatigue syndrome, urinaryincontinence, pain (including, but not limited to, migraine, chronicback pain, phantom limb pain, central pain, neuopathic pain such asdiabetic neuropathy, and postherpetic neuropathy), Shy Drager syndrome,Raynaud's syndrome, Parkinson's disease, and epilepsy comprisingproviding to a patient an effective amount of ODV succinate. ODVsuccinate can also be administered to prevent relapse or recurrence ofdepression, to induce cognitive enhancement, to treat cognitiveimpairment, and in regimens for cessation of smoking or other tobaccouses. Additionally, ODV succinate can be administered to treathypothalamic amenorrhea in depressed and non-depressed human females.These methods include administering to a patient in need thereof, aneffective amount of ODV succinate or a substantially pure polymorph ofODV succinate, or mixtures thereof.

The present invention also provides four crystalline polymorphic formsof ODV succinate (hereinafter referred to as Forms I, II, III, and IV,respectively) and an amorphous form of ODV succinate. According to apreferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition of the presentinvention comprises at least about 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95,96, 97, 98, 99, 99.1, 99.2, 99.3, 99.4, 99.5, 99.6, 99.7, 99.8, or 99.9%by weight of Form I, II, III, or IV or the amorphous form of ODVsuccinate, based upon 100% total weight of ODV succinate in thepharmaceutical composition (or the total weight of crystalline ODVsuccinate in the pharmaceutical composition).

Another embodiment is a method for preparing the free base ofO-desemthyl-venlafaxine by demethylating venlafaxine or a salt thereofwith an alkali metal salt of a trialkylborohydride.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an X-ray powder diffractogram (XRPD) of Form I of ODVsuccinate prepared in Example 7.

FIG. 2 is an XRPD of Form II of ODV succinate prepared in Example 8.

FIG. 3 is an XRPD of Form III of ODV succinate prepared in Example 9.

FIG. 4 is an XRPD of Form IV of ODV succinate prepared in Example 10.

FIG. 5 is an XRPD of the amorphous form of ODV succinate prepared inExample 11.

FIG. 6 are differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses of Forms I,II, and IV and the amorphous form of ODV succinate from 25 to 250° C. inhermetically-sealed pans at a scan rate of 10° C./minute under anitrogen purge.

FIG. 7 is an XRPD of Form I of the ODV succinate prepared in Example 1.

FIG. 8 are thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) of Forms I, II, and IV andthe amorphous form of ODV succinate heated from 25 to 30° C. at a scanrate of 10° C./minute under a nitrogen purge.

FIG. 9 is a graph of the rat intestinal permeability coefficient (Peff)experimentally determined in Example 14 and predicted human in vivofraction of dose absorbed (Fa (%)) for ODV succinate, metoprolol,glucose, and mannitol.

FIG. 10 is a graph of the Peff experimentally determined and Facalculated in Example 14 for ODV succinate absorbed in theduodenum-jejunum, ileum, and colon.

FIG. 11 is a graph of Peff experimentally determined and Fa calculatedin Example 14 for ODV fumarate, metoprolol, glucose, and mannitol.

FIG. 12 is a graph of the Peff experimentally determined and Facalculated in Example 14 for ODV fumarate absorbed in theduodenum-jejunum, ileum, and colon.

FIG. 13 is a comparison of the site specific absorption of ODV fumarateversus ODV succinate in the duodenum-jejunum, ileum, and colon inExample 14.

FIG. 14 is a reaction scheme for preparing the free base ofO-desmethyl-venlafaxine from venlafaxine with L-selectride.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Definitions

The term “about” generally means within 10%, preferably within 5%, andmore preferably within 1% of a given value or range. Alternatively, theterm “about” means within an acceptable standard error of the mean, whenconsidered by one of ordinary skill in the art.

The term “monohydrate” as used herein refers to a hydrate in which onemolecule of water is associated with each molecule of ODV succinate.

The term “hemihydrate” as used herein refers to a hydrate in which onemolecule of water is associated with every two molecules of ODVsuccinate.

The term “treat” as used herein refers to preventing, amelliorating,controlling, or curing the desired symptoms or disorders.

The term “substantially the same” when used to describe X-ray powderdeffraction patterns, is meant to include patterns in which peaks arewithin a standard deviation of ±0.2°2✓.

The present invention relates to a novel salt ofO-desmethyl-venlafaxine, O-desmethyl-venlafaxine succinate (hereinafterreferred to as “ODV succinate”). ODV succinate provides optimalproperties for formulation due to its high solubility, permeability, andbioavailability, and has the structural formula:

Succinic acid salts of O-desmethyl-venlafaxine exist as enantiomers andthis invention includes racemic mixtures as well as stereoisomericallypure forms of the same. The term “ODV succinate” as used herein refersto racemic mixtures and stereoisomerically pure forms of ODV succinate,unless otherwise indicated.

The term “stereoisomerically pure” refers to compounds which arecomprised of a greater proportion of the desired isomer than of theoptical antipode. A stereoisomerically pure compound is generally madeup of at least about 90% of the desired isomer, based upon 100% totalweight of ODV succinate.

Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and the invention thereforeincludes both salts in which the ratio of O-desmethyl-venlafaxine toacid (by mole) is 1:1 (i.e., a monosuccinate) and salts in which theratio of O-desmethyl-venlafaxine to acid (by mole) is 2:1 (i.e., a bisisuccinate), as well as mixed salts, with for example an alkali metal orammonium cation. The invention also includes mixtures of ODV succinateand the free base of O-desmethyl-venlafaxine. The crystalline polymorphs(i.e. Forms I, II, III, and IV) and the amorphous form of ODV succinatediscussed below are monosuccinate salts, i.e., the molar ratio ofO-desmethyl-venlafaxine to acid is 1:1. Salts of the present inventioncan be crystalline and may exist as more than one polymorph. Eachpolymorph forms another aspect of the invention. Hydrates as well asanhydrous forms of the salt are also encompassed by the invention. Inparticular the monohydrate form of O-desmethyl venlafaxine succinate ispreferred.

ODV succinate generally has a solubility in water of greater than 30mg/mL. Preferably, the aqueous solubility of the ODV succinate is atleast 25, 30, 32, 35, 40, or 45 mg/mL at 25° C.

Succinic acid salts may be formed by contacting stoichiometric amountsof the acid with O-desmethy-venlafaxine free base. Alternatively, theacid may be used in excess, usually no more than 1.5 equivalents.Preferably the base and/or the acid are in solution, more preferablyboth are in solution.

The crystalline salt may be prepared by directly crystallizing from asolvent. Improved yield may be obtained by evaporation of some or all ofthe solvent or by crystallization at elevated temperatures followed bycontrolled cooling, preferably in stages. Careful control ofprecipitation temperature and seeding may be used to improve thereproducibility of the production process and the particle sizedistribution and form of the product.

Form I

Crystalline polymorph Form I of ODV succinate is a monohydrate and isstable at room temperature. Form I is physically stable up to at leastabout 105° C. and at 5-95% relative humidity. According to differentialscanning calorimetry (DSC), Form I has an endotherm at about 131° C.(see FIG. 6). Form I of ODV succinate has an XRPD pattern substantiallyidentical to that shown in FIGS. 1 (ground Form I) and 7 (unground FormI). Peak locations and intensities for the XRPD pattern in FIG. 1 areprovided in Table 1 below.

TABLE 1 Characteristic XRPD Peaks (expressed in degrees 2θ ± 0.2° 2θ)and Relative Intensities of Diffraction Lines for Form I of ODVSuccinate Degrees 2θ ± 0.2° 2θ I/I₁ 10.20 17 14.91 12 20.56 18 22.13 1123.71 13 24.60 14 25.79 100In particular, the peaks (expressed in degrees 2θ±0.2° 2θ) at 10.20,14.91, 20.56, 22.13, 23.71, 24.60, and 25.79 are characteristic of FormI.

Form I may be prepared from the free base of O-desmethyl-venlafaxine asfollows. The free base of O-desmethyl-venlafaxine and succinic acid aredissolved in aqueous acetone. The resulting solution may optionally befiltered to remove any byproducts, such as those produced during thepreparation of the free base of O-desmethyl-venlafaxine. The solution isthen slowly cooled (e.g., for 3 hours or longer) to yield Form I of ODVsuccinate. The crystals of Form I may be recovered by any method knownin the art.

Form I can also be prepared by preparing a slurry containing (a) Form Iand (b) Form II, Form III, or a mixture thereof with (c) acetone,acetonitrile, a mixture of acetonitrile and water (e.g., a 9:1 mixture),or a mixture of ethanol and toluene (e.g., a 1:1 mixture) at ambienttemperature.

Any crystal prepared by the aforementioned methods may be recovered bytechnique known to those silled in the art, such as, for example,filtration.

Form II

Crystalline polymorph Form II of ODV succinate is a monohydrate and ismore thermally stable than Form III. According to DSC, Form II has anendotherm at about 127° C. (see FIG. 6). Form II of ODV succinate has anXRPD pattern substantially identical to that shown in FIG. 2. Peaklocations and intensities for the XRPD pattern in FIG. 2 are provided inTable 2 below.

TABLE 2 Characteristic XRPD Peaks (expressed in degrees 2θ ± 0.2° 2θ)and Relative Intensities of Diffraction Lines for Form II of ODVSuccinate Degrees 2θ ± 0.2° 2θ I/I₁ 10.25 22 13.18 14 14.04 10 14.35 3514.66 18 16.68 52 17.67 29 19.24 29 20.38 16 20.56 25 23.41 24 23.78 1624.57 13 25.13 10 25.80 100 31.78 14In particular, the peaks (expressed in degrees 2θ±0.2° 2θ) at 13.18,14.04, 14.35, 14.66, 16.68, 17.67, 19.24, 25.13, and 31.78 arecharacteristic of Form II.

Form II can be prepared by rotary evaporation of Form I dissolved inacetone.

Form II can also be prepared by slow cooling of either saturated acetoneor 95:5 ethanol:water solutions of Form I of ODV succinate. According toone embodiment, slow cooling is performed as follows. A mixture of thesolvent and Form I of ODV succinate is prepared and heated and stirredon a hotplate (preferably set at 60-75° C.). Solvent is added until theODV succinate is nearly all dissolved. The resulting mixture isoptionally filtered (e.g., through a 0.2-μm nylon filter) into a cleanvial pre-warmed, preferably on the same hotplate. The heat source isturned off, and the hotplate and vial are allowed to cool to ambienttemperature. The vial is then allowed to stand at ambient temperatureovernight. If no solids are generated, the vial is placed in arefrigerator for at least one day. Again, if no solids are generated,the vial is placed in a freezer for at least one day. Any solids areremoved by vacuum filtration and allowed to air dry. In cases where nosolid is obtained, a portion of the solvent is allowed to evaporate, andthe procedure is repeated with heating and filtering.

Yet another method for preparing Form II is by precipitating Form I ofODV succinate from a solvent/anti-solvent mixture of ethanol/hexanes.Suitable solvents include those in which ODV succinate has a solubilityof greater than 1 mg/mL. Suitable anti-solvents include those in whichODV succinate has low solubility, e.g., a solubility of less than 1mg/mL. According to one embodiment, the solvent is saturated with ODVsuccinate. The mixture is heated, if necessary, to dissolve the ODVsuccinate. The mixture is filtered (e.g., through a 0.2-μm nylon filter)into a vial of cold anti-solvent (e.g., a solvent in which ODV succinatehas a solubility of less than 0.1%). The resulting mixture may be placedin a freezer to increase the yield.

Form II can be prepared by slow evaporation of Form I of ODV succinatefrom water. For example, Form I of ODV succinate may be dissolved inwater and then left in a perforated container at ambient temperature toform crystalline polymorph Form II.

Form II can be prepared by fast evaporation of Form I of ODV succinatefrom acetonitrile or ethanol/hexanes or ethanol/chloroform motherliquors. For example, Form I of ODV succinate may be dissolved in thesolvent and then left in an open container at ambient temperature toform crystalline polymorph Form II.

Form II can be prepared by rapid cooling of an aqueous oraqueous/acetone solution of ODV succinate. Rapid cooling can beperformed by any method known in the art, such as, for example, byapplying a vacuum and/or an ice or ice/water bath.

Form II can also be prepared by subjecting the amorphous form of ODVsuccinate to 75% or greater relative humidity (e.g., at roomtemperature).

Any crystals prepared by the aforementioned methods may be recovered byknown techniques.

Form III

Crystalline polymorph Form III of ODV succinate is a hydrate. The molarratio of water to ODV succinate is less than 1 but more than ½ (i.e.,Form III of ODV succinate is between a hemihydrate and a monohydrate).Form III of ODV succinate has an XRPD pattern substantially identical tothat shown in FIG. 3. Peak locations and intensities for the XRPDpattern in FIG. 3 are provided in Table 3 below.

TABLE 3 Characteristic XRPD Peaks (expressed in degrees 2θ ± 0.2° 2θ)and Relative Intensities of Diffraction Lines for Form III of ODVSuccinate Degrees 2θ ± 0.2° 2θ I/I₁ 10.36 23 13.74 11 14.40 20 14.68 1814.96 16 16.75 49 17.48 17 17.76 17 19.26 24 20.42 13 20.74 20 22.55 1123.58 16 23.82 20 24.92 12 26.00 100 31.86 17 32.42 10In particular, the peaks (expressed in degrees 2θ±0.2° 2θ) at about13.74, 22.55, and 32.42 are characteristic of Form III.

Form III can be prepared by ball milling or cryo-grinding Form I of ODVsuccinate. Ball milling is performed by placing a ball in a cylinderwith the ODV succinate and then shaking the cylinder. Cryo-grinding isperformed by placing the ODV succinate in a cylinder and shaking thecylinder while maintaining the temperature of the cylinder at cryogenictemperatures (e.g., at <−90° C.).

Any crystals prepared by the aforementioned methods may be recovered byany known technique.

Form IV

Crystalline polymorph Form IV of ODV succinate is anhydrous. Accordingto DSC, Form IV has an endotherm at about 145° C. (see FIG. 6). Form IVof ODV succinate has an XRPD pattern substantially identical to thatshown in FIG. 4. Peak locations and intensities for the XRPD pattern inFIG. 4 are provided in Table 4 below.

TABLE 4 Characteristic XRPD Peaks (expressed in degrees 2θ ± 0.2° 2θ)and Relative Intensities of Diffraction Lines for Form IV of ODVSuccinate Degrees 2θ ± 0.2° 2θ I/I₁ 10.46 36 11.29 15 13.69 10 14.48 6015.17 18 16.62 74 17.22 14 17.61 42 19.22 10 19.64 48 20.91 83 21.61 3322.55 12 23.84 89 24.77 21 25.34 15 25.92 21 26.40 100 28.86 24 29.80 1230.60 21 33.17 10 36.85 21 37.70 12In particular, the peaks (expressed in degrees 2θ±0.2° 2θ) at about11.29, 17.22, 19.64, 20.91, 21.61, 28.86, 29.80, 30.60, 36.85, and 37.70are characteristic of Form IV.

Form IV can be prepared by slurrying equal amounts of Form I and Form IIin acetonitrile at about 54° C. for several days (e.g., eight days),filtering, and heating the resulting solid for 18 hours at about 120° C.The crystals can be recovered by any method known in the art.

Amorphous Form

The amorphous form of ODV succinate has an XRPD pattern substantiallyidentical to that shown in FIG. 5. FIG. 5 shows an amorphous form of ODVsuccinate. The glass transition (T_(g)) onset for the amorphous formoccurs at 18° C. According to DSC, the amorphous form undergoes a majorendotherm at about 120° C. (see FIG. 6). Without being bound by anytheory, the inventors believe that the amorphous form was converted intoa crystalline form before reaching 120° C., since amorphous formstypically do not exhibit endotherms, while crystalline forms do.

The amorphous form can be produced by forming a melt by heating Forms I,II, III, or IV, or a mixture thereof and cooling the melt to form aglass. For example, the amorphous form can be prepared by holding FormsI, II, III, or IV or a mixture thereof at about 150° C. for about 6 toabout 18 minutes to form a melt and then cooling the melt to form aglass. The cooling can be done slowly or rapidly (e.g., by crashcooling).

The amorphous form can be converted to Form II by placing the amorphousmaterial in a high relative humidity environment (e.g., greater thanabout 50 or about 75% relative humidity).

Preparation of ODV Free Base

O-desmethyl-venlafaxine (ODV) free base may be prepared according to thegeneral procedures outlined in U.S. Pat. No. 4,535,186.

Another method of preparing ODV free base is by demethylating a compoundof Formula I (venlafaxine) to provide a compound of Formula II asdescribed in Scheme I below.

As described in Scheme I the starting material, venlafaxine (Formula I),is demethylated. Venlafaxine may be prepared in accordance withprocedures known in the art, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No.4,535,186, which is herein incorporated by reference.

Demethylation is performed using a high molecular weight alkane, arene,or arylalkyl thiolate anion, such as straight or branched chain alkanethiolate anions having 8 to 20 carbon atoms, mono or bicyclic arenethiolate anions having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, or mono or bicyclicarylalkyl thiolate anions having 7 to 12 carbon atoms in the presence ofa protic or aprotic solvent. Optionally, a base such as an alkoxidecomprised of a straight or branched chain alkyl group of from 1 to 6carbon atoms may be present to generate the thiolate anion.

Preferably the aliphatic thiol has from 10 to 20 carbon atoms and mostpreferably the aliphatic thiol is dodecanethiol. The aromatic thiol ispreferably benzenethiol. The arylalkyl thiolate anion is preferablytoluenethiol or naphthylmethanethiol.

When present, the alkoxide is preferably a lower alkoxide (methoxide,ethoxide and the like) such as sodium methoxide (sodium methylate,sodium methanolate).

The solvent is preferably a hydroxylic or ethereal solvent, and morepreferably an alcohol, ethylene glycol or ether of ethylene glycol.Ethers of ethylene glycol include, but are not limited to,ethyleneglycol monoethylether, triethyleneglycoldi-methylether andpolyethylene glycol. Preferably, the solvent is an inert, polar, highboiling point ether of ethylene glycol such as polyethylene glycol andmost preferably PEG 400 (polyethylene glycol having a molecular weightrange of from about 380-420).

The reaction is performed at a temperature of from about 150° C. toabout 220° C., more preferably from about 170° C. to about 220° C., andmost preferably from about 180° C. to about 20° C. The reaction isgenerally allowed to progress until, ideally, not more than 1%venlafaxine remains. In some aspects of the invention the reaction iscomplete in from about 2 hours to about 5 hours and more preferably infrom about 2 to about 3.5 hours.

In preferred embodiments of this method, venlafaxine base is dissolvedin polyethylene glycol 400 containing dodecanethiol and sodium methylateas a solution in methanol as the temperature is increased to from about180° C. to about 200° C., with stirring for about 2 to about 3.5 hours.

Thereafter the reaction mixture is cooled to between about 65° C. andabout 75° C. and an alcohol may be added as a diluent beforeneutralization to the isoelectric point (about pH 9.5 to about pH 10.0)with an appropriate neutralization agent such as hydrochloric acid. Thealcoholic medium may also aid in the crystallization of the product asneutralization is initiated.

Preferably the alcohol comprises a straight or branched chain alkylgroup of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol,butanol, and the like, and mixtures thereof. In some preferredembodiments of this method, the alcohol is isopropanol.

Yields of this method are greater than about 75% and generally fromabout 85% to greater than 90%.

Yet another method of preparing ODV free base is by demethylatingvenlafaxine or a salt thereof (e.g., a non-reducible salt ofvenlafaxine, such as the hydrochloride salt) with an alkali metal saltof a trialkylborohydride. The alkyl groups in trialkylorohydride canindependently be C₁-C₆ alkyl and preferably are independently C₁-C₄alkyl. The alkyl substituents on the trialkylborohydride can be the sameor different. Suitable alkali metals include, but are not limited to,lithium, sodium, and potassium. Suitable trialkylborohydrides include,but are not limited to, selectride (tri-sec-butylborohydride) ortriethylborohydride. Non-limiting examples of suitable salts includeL-selectride, K-selectride, lithium triethylborohydride, and potassiumtriethylborohydride. Preferred salts include, but are not limited to,L-selectride and lithium triethylborohydride. A more preferred salt isL-selectride.

Generally, the demethylation process is performed in one or more of thefollowing solvents: 1,2-dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran (THF),1,2-dethoxyethane and diglyme (bis(2-methoxyethyl)ether). The reactionis typically performed at or less than the boiling point of the solvent.Preferably, the reaction is performed at a temperature of from about 60to about 140° C., more preferably from about 80 to about 100° C., andeven more preferably from about 85 to about 95° C. The reaction isgenerally performed until the majority of venlafaxine has beendemethylated and preferably until at least 80, 90, 95, or 99% of thevenlafaxine has been demethylated. Broadly, the reaction is performedfor from about 8 to about 48 hours. According to one embodiment, thereaction is performed for from about 12 to about 36 hours and preferablyfor about 24 hours.

The reaction results in an alkali metal salt of O-desmethyl-venlafaxine.The alkali metal salt can be converted to its free base by methods knownin the art, such as neutralization with acid (e.g., to the isoelectricpoint).

This process for demethylating venlafaxine does not change the opticalactivity of the venlafaxine starting material. In other words, if thestarting material is a racemic mixture of venlafaxine, the product ofthis demethylation process will also be a racemic mixture. If thestarting material is an optically pure enantiomer, the product of thisdemethylation process will also be the same optically pure enantiomer.

An example of this reaction scheme for producing O-desmethyl-venlafaxinefree base is shown in FIG. 14.

This process for demethylating venlafaxine can produce the free base ofODV in substantially pure form (e.g., with <0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1,0.09, 0.08, 0.07, 0.06, or 0.05% of impurities (w/w) (excludinginorganics) as measured by HPLC).

Demethylation with a trialkylaborohydride produces various hazardousboron containing byproducts. For example, use of L-selectride results inthe formation of tris(1-methylpropyl)borane andtris(1-methylpropyl)boroxin as byproducts. These byproducts may bedeactivated (or stabilized) by oxidation and, optionally, hydrolysis (ofintermediate borate esters). Oxidation may be performed by reacting theboron containing byproducts with an oxidizing agent, such as hydrogenperoxide, perborates (e.g., sodium perborate), or a mixture thereof. Apreferred oxidizing agent is an alkaline perborate solution (e.g., anaqueous solution containing sodium hydroxide and sodium perboratetetrahydrate). Preferably, the boron containing byproducts are added tothe oxidizing agent or a solution comprising the oxidizing agent.

As described in Reviews in Contemporary Pharmacology, Volume 9(5) page293-302 (1998), incorporated by reference in its entirety,O-desmethyl-venlafaxine has the following pharmacological profile shownin Table 5 below.

TABLE 5 O-desmethylvenlafaxine Effect (in vivo) Reversal ofReserpine-Induce Hypothermia 3 (minimum effect; mg/kg i.p.) Effect (invitro) Inhibition of amine reuptake (IC50; uM) Norepinephrine 1.16Serotonin 0.18 Dopamine 13.4 Affinity for Various Neuroreceptors (%inhibition at 1 uM) D2 6 Cholinergic 7 Adrenergic α 0 Histamine H1 0Opiate 7

Thus, compounds, compositions and methods of the present invention canbe used to treat or prevent central nervous system disorders including,but not limited to depression (including but not limited to majordepressive disorder, bipolar disorder and dysthymia), fibromyalgia,anxiety, panic disorder, agorophobia, post traumatic stress disorder,premenstrual dysphoric disorder (also known as premenstrual syndrome),attention deficit disorder (with and without hyperactivity), obsessivecompulsive disorder (including trichotillomania), social anxietydisorder, generalized anxiety disorder, autism, schizophrenia, obesity,anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome,vasomotor flushing, cocaine and alcohol addiction, sexual dysfunction,(including premature ejaculation), borderline personality disorder,chronic fatigue syndrome, incontinence (including fecal incontinence,overflow incontinence, passive incontinence, reflex incontinence, stressurinary incontinence, urge incontinence, urinary exertional incontinenceand urinary incontience), pain (including but not limited to migraine,chronic back pain, phantom limb pain, central pain, neuropathic painsuch as diabetic neuropathy, and postherpetic neuropathy), Shy Dragersyndrome, Raynaud's syndrome, Parkinson's Disease, epilepsy, and others.Compounds and compositions of the present invention can also be used forpreventing relapse or recurrence of depression; to treat cognitiveimpairment; for the inducement of cognitive enhancement in patientsuffering from senile dementia, Alzheimer's disease, memory loss,amnesia and amnesia syndrome; and in regimens for cessation of smokingor other tobacco uses. Additionally, compounds and compositions of thepresent invention can be used for treating hypothalamic amenorrhea indepressed and non-depressed human females.

In some preferred embodiments of the invention, O-desmethyl-venlafaxinesuccinate is useful for the treatment of depression, anxiety, panicdisorder, generalized anxiety disorder, post traumatic stress andpremenstrual dysphoric disorder.

This invention provides methods of treating, preventing, inhibiting oralleviating each of the maladies listed above in a mammal, preferably ina human, the methods comprising administering an effective amount of acompound of the invention to a mammal in need thereof. An effectiveamount is an amount sufficient to prevent, inhibit, or alleviate one ormore symptoms of the aforementioned conditions.

The dosage amount useful to treat, prevent, inhibit or alleviate each ofthe aforementioned conditions will vary with the severity of thecondition to be treated and the route of administration. The dose, anddose frequency will also vary according to age, body weight, responseand past medical history of the individual human patient. In generallythe recommended daily dose range for the conditions described herein liewithin the range of 10 mg to about 1000 mg O-desmethylvenlafaxine perday and more preferably within the range of about 15 mg to about 350mg/day and still more preferably from about 15 mg to about 140 mg/day.In other embodiments of the invention the dosage will range from about30 mg to about 90 mg/day. Dosage is described in terms of the free baseand is adjusted accordingly for the succinate salt. In managing thepatient, is generally preferred that the therapy be initiated at a lowerdose and increased if necessary. Dosages for non-human patients can beadjusted accordingly by one skilled in the art.

Another embodiment of the invention is a method of lowering theincidence of nauseau, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, headache,vaso-vagal malaise, and/or trismus resulting from the oraladministration of venlafaxine, O-desmethylvenlafaxine, or a salt ofO-desmethylvenlafaxine other than O-desmethylvenlafaxine succinate to apatient. The method includes orally administering to a patient in needthereof a therapeutically effective amount of O-desmethyl-venlafaxinesuccinate.

Yet another embodiment of the invention is a method of lowering theincidence of nauseau, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, headache,vaso-vagal malaise, and/or trismus resulting from the oraladministration of O-desmethylvenlafaxine succinate to a patient. Themethod includes orally administering to a patient in need thereof atherapeutically effective amount of a sustained release oral dosage formcomprising O-desmethyl-venlafaxine succinate having a peak blood plasmalevel of less than about 225 ng/ml.

O-desmethylvenlafaxine succinate may also be provided in combinationwith venlafaxine. The dosage of venlafaxine is preferably about 75 mg toabout 350 mg/day and more preferably about 75 mg to about 225 mg/day.Still more preferably the dosage of venlafaxine is about 75 mg to about150 mg/day. The ratio of O-desmethylvenlafaxine to venlafaxine will varyfrom patient to patient depending upon a patient's response rate, butgenerally will be at least 6:1 O-desmethylvenlafaxine to venlafaxine.

Any suitable route of administration can be employed for providing thepatient with an effective amount of O-desmethylvenlafaxine succinate.For example, oral, mucosal (e.g. nasal, sublingual, buccal, rectal orvaginal), parental (e.g. intravenous or intramuscular), transdermal, andsubcutaneous routes can be employed. Preferred routes of administrationinclude oral, transdermal and mucosal.

O-desmethyl venlafaxine succinate can be combined with a pharmaceuticalcarrier or excipient (e.g., pharmaceutically acceptable carriers andexcipients) according to conventional pharmaceutical compoundingtechnique to form a pharmaceutical composition or dosage form. Suitablepharmaceutically acceptable carriers and excipients include, but are notlimited to, those described in Remington's, The Science and Practice ofPharmacy, (Gennaro, A. R., ed., 19^(th) edition, 1995, Mack Pub. Co.)which is herein incorporated by reference. The phrase “pharmaceuticallyacceptable” refers to additives or compositions that are physiologicallytolerable and do not typically produce an allergic or similar untowardreaction, such as gastric upset, dizziness and the like, whenadministered to an animal, such as a mammal (e.g., a human). For oralliquid pharmaceutical compositions, pharmaceutical carriers andexcipients can include, but are not limited to water, glycols, oils,alcohols, flavoring agents, preservatives, coloring agents, and thelike. Oral solid pharmaceutical compositions may include, but are notlimited to starches, sugars, microcrystalline cellulose, diluents,granulating agents, lubricants, binders and disintegrating agents. Thepharmaceutical composition and dosage form may also include venlafaxineor a salt thereof as discussed above.

According to one embodiment, the majority of ODV succinate particles ina pharmaceutical composition or dosage form of the present inventionhave a particle size between 45 and 400 microns. Preferably, more than60 or 65% of the particles have a particle size between 45 and 400microns.

Dosage forms include, but are not limited to tablets, capsules, troches,lozenges, dispersions, suspensions, suppositories, ointments,cataplasms, pastes, powders, creams, solutions, capsules (includingencapsulated spheroids), and patches. The dosage forms may also includeimmediate release as well as formulations adapted for controlled,sustained, extended, or delayed release. Most preferably tablets andcapsules are the dosage form. Tablets and spheroids may be coated bystandard aqueous and nonaqueous techniques as required.

Each dosage form generally contains from about 15 to about 350 mg of ODVsuccinate (as measured by the free base equivalent). More preferably,each dosage form contains from about 30 to about 200 mg of ODV succinate(as measured by the free base equivalent) and even more preferably fromabout 75 to about 150 mg of ODV succinate (as measured by the free baseequivalent).

According to one preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition isan extended release formulation, such as that described in U.S. Pat. No.6,274,171, which is herein incorporated by reference. For example, anextended release formulation may comprise spheroids comprised of ODVsuccinate, microcrystalline cellulose, and, optionally,hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. The spheroids are preferably coated with afilm coating composition comprised of ethyl cellulose andhydroxypropylmethylcellulose.

According to another preferred embodiment, the pharmaceuticalcomposition is a sustained release formulation (e.g., in the form of atablet). The sustained release formulation may comprise ODV succinate, arate controlling polymer material (i.e., a material which controls therate at which the ODV succinate is released), and, optionally, otheradjuvants. Suitable rate controlling polymer materials include, but arenot limited to, hydroxyalkyl cellulose, such as hydroxypropyl celluloseand hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC); poly(ethylene)oxide; alkylcellulose, such as ethyl cellulose and methyl cellulose; carboxymethylcellulose; hydrophilic cellulose derivatives; and polyethylene glycol.The sustained release formulation comprises from about 30 w/w to about50% w/w of ODV succinate and from about 25 w/w to about 70% w/w of arate controlling polymer material. Optionally, the sustained releaseformulation may further comprise from about 0.5 w/w to about 10% w/w andpreferably from about 2 w/w to about 10% of microcrystalline cellulose.A preferred sustained release formulation comprises from about 32 w/w toabout 44% w/w of ODV succinate and from about 45 w/w to about 66% w/w ofhydroxypropyl methylcellulose. Typically, the sustained releaseformulation provides sustained therapeutically effective plasma levelsover at least a 16 or 20 hour period. The peak serum levels during the16 or 20 hour period are generally up to 150 ng/ml. The sustainedrelease formulation also shows a reduced level of nausea, vomiting,diarrhea, abdominal pain, headache, vaso-vagal malaise, and/or trismus

The following examples are illustrative but are not meant to be limitingof the present invention.

EXAMPLE 1 Preparation of Form I of ODV Succinate

Acetone (2111 mL), water (667 mL) and O-desmethyl-venlafaxine (250.0 g,0.949 mol) were mixed to form a thick white suspension which was stirredat 23° C. for 0.5 hour. Succinic acid (115.5 g, 0.978 mol) was addedwith acetone (236 mL) and water (75 mL). The suspension was heated to58° C. and stirred at this temperature for 30 minutes. The reactionmixture was filtered and allowed to cool to 30-34° C. The suspension wasstirred at 30-31° C. for 3 hours then cooled to 0-5° C. and stirred atthis temperature for a further hour. The solids were isolated byfiltration and the wet cake dried at 30° C. for 12 hours (50 mm Hg) then40° C. for 24 hours (50 mm Hg) to afford O-des-methyl-Venlafaxinesuccinate monohydrate as white crystals (325.5 g, 85.7%).

mp: 122.3 C and 139.6 C

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 10-9 (bs, 2H), 7.00 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 6.65(d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 3.4-3.2 (bs, 1H), 3.12 (dd, J=7.0, 12.2 Hz, 1H), 2.74(t, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 2.7-2.58 (m, 1H), 2.50 (s, 3H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 2.28(s, 4H), 1.50-1.25 (m, 6H), 1.20-0.80 (4H). 99.40% Purity (by HPLC).

An XRPD pattern for the (unground) crystals prepared is shown in FIG. 7.Characteristic XRPD peaks are shown in Table 6 below.

TABLE 6 X-ray powder diffractogram (CuK2α) Angle (°2θ) RelativeIntensity 5.285 30.6 10.435 54.6 20.680 10.4 20.850 23.2 25.660 6.625.955 55.5 26.125 100.0

The crystals of Form I examined in FIG. 7 were not ground, while thosein FIG. 1 were ground before being examined. Without being bound by anytheory, the inventors theorize that the XRPD for the unground crystalsdiffered from that of the ground crystals due to the preferredorientation of the unground crystals.

Bulk Density: 0.369 gms/mL

Solubility in water: 32.2 mg/ml at 25° C.

The aqueous solubility (reported above) of Form I of ODV succinate wasdetermined according to the following procedure.

Materials

-   -   Spectrophotometer—Capable of isolating a bandwidth of 2 nm or        less at the wavelength of maximum absorbance, and of measuring        absorbances in the 0.0 to 1.0 range with a precision of 0.01. A        Cary Model 219 spectrophotometer or equivalent is suitable.    -   Cells—Silica, 1 cm.    -   Filters—0.45 micron Nylon filters which are chemical resistant        or equivalent    -   Bottles—Glass screw top bottles having a 15 mL or greater        capacity.    -   Shaker—A lateral shaker, wrist shaker, or a vibrator which will        not generate heat is suitable.

Sample Preparation

A. For Non UV Absorbing Solvents

-   -   1. To a bottle weigh an amount of sample equivalent to        approximately 1½ times the solubility.    -   2. Pipet 10.0 mL of water into the bottle and secure cap        tightly.    -   3. Agitate the bottles at ambient room temperature for at least        16 hours.    -   4. Obtain a clear filtrate layer by either centrifugation of        filtration being careful to avoid evaporation.    -   5. Quantitatively transfer the solution to a volumetric flask        and dilute to volume with water.    -   6. Blank the instrument for water.    -   7. Make quantitative dilutions to arrive at a suitable        concentration for measurement.

B. For UV Absorbing Solvents

-   -   1. To a bottle, weigh an amount of sample equivalent to        approximately 1½ times the solubility.    -   2. Pipet 10.0 mL of water into the bottle and secure a cap        tightly.    -   3. Agitate the bottles at ambient room temperature for at least        16 hours.    -   4. Obtain a clear filtrate layer by either centrifugation or        filtration being careful to avoid evaporation.    -   5. Evaporate an accurate amount of solvent on a steam bath and        redissolve the residue, in the solvent used to prepare the        standard. Quantitatively transfer to a volumetric flask with the        same solvent used in preparing the standard solution.    -   6. Make dilutions as necessary to obtain a concentration        suitable for quantitative measurement.

Procedure

-   -   1. Obtain the spectra of the sample and standard preparations        between 350 and 200 nm, using water as the blank. The wavelength        range may be varied depending upon the UV cut off of water.    -   2. Calculate the aqueous solubility with the following equation:

${{mg}\text{/}{mL}} = \frac{({As})({Ds})\left( {{Wg} - {Wt}} \right)(S)}{({Ar})({Dr})(V)}$where

As=absorbance of the sample preparation

Ds-=dilution factor of the sample preparation, mL

Wg=gross weight of the reference standard and container, mg

Wt=tare weight, mg

S=strength of the reference standard, decimal

Ar=absorbance of the reference standard preparation

Dr=dilution factor of the reference standard preparation, mL

V=amount of solvent evaporated, mL

EXAMPLE 2 Hard Gelatin Capsule Dosage Form Ingredient mg/capsule % w/wODV succinate 116.7 39.5 (75 as free base) Lactose Fast Flow 177.3 60.0Magnesium Stearate 1.5 0.5 Total 295.5 100.0

The active ingredient is sieved and blended with the listed excipients.Suitably sized hard gelatin capsules are filled using suitable machineryand methods well known in the art. Other doses may be prepared byaltering the fill weight and, if necessary, by changing the capsule sizeto suit.

EXAMPLE 3 Preparation of O-desmethyl-venlafaxine Free Base

Dodecanethiol (122 g), venlafaxine (111 g), and a methanolic solution ofsodium methanolate (30%, 90 g) and PEG 400 are heated to 190° C. Themethanol is distilled off and the solution is stirred for 2 hours at190° C. Then the temperature is lowered, 2-propanol (450 g) is added andthe pH is adjusted to 9.5 with aqueous HCl. The precipitate is collectedby suction filtration, and the cake is washed with 2-propanol, toluene,2-propanol and water. The wet O-desmethylvenlafaxine is dried in vacuo.

Yield: 87 g.

¹H-NMR: (Gemini 200, Varian, 200 MHz) (DMSO-d6) δ=9.11 (s, br, 1H; OH),6.98 (d, br, J=8.4, 2H; arom.), 6.65 (d, br, J=8.4, 2H; arom.), 5.32 (s,br, 1H; OH), 3.00 (dd, J=12.3 and 8.5, 1H), 2.73 (dd, J=8.5 and 6.3,1H), 2.36 (dd, J=12.3 and 6.3, 1H), 2.15 (s, 6H, 2×Me), 1.7-0.8 (m, 10H,c-hex).

EXAMPLE 4 Preparation of O-desmethyl-venlafaxine Free Base

Venlafaxine (5.6 g) and benzenethiol sodium salt (6.9 g) are charged toPEG 400 (25 g). The reaction mixture is heated to 160° C. for 5 hours.Then the temperature is lowered and water is added (60 g). The pH isadjusted to 3.5 with H₃PO₄. The organic by-products are removed byextraction with heptanes (25 g). The pH of the aqueous layer is thenadjusted to 9.5 with aqueous ammonia. The precipitate is collected bysuction filtration, re-slurried in water (100 g), isolated by suctionfiltration and dried in vacuo.

Yield 1 g.

¹H-NMR: (Gemini 200, Varian, 200 MHz) (DMSO-d6) δ=9.11 (s, br, 1H; OH),6.98 (d, br, J=8.4, 2H; arom.), 6.65 (d, br, J=8.4, 2H; arom.), 5.32 (s,br, 1H; OH), 3.00 (dd, J=12.3 and 8.5, 1H), 2.73 (dd, J=8.5 and 6.3,1H), 2.36 (dd, J=12.3 and 6.3, 1H), 2.15 (s, 6H, 2×Me), 1.7-0.8 (m, 10H,c-hex).

EXAMPLE 5 Preparation of O-desmethyl-venlafaxine Free Base

Dodecanethiol (69 g), venlafaxine (55 g), and an ethanolic solution ofsodium ethanolate (21%, 82 g) are charged to a pressure vessel. Thetemperature is raised to 150° C. and the reaction mixture is stirred for2 days. Then the temperature is lowered and the solution is filtered.The pH of the filtrate is adjusted to 9.5 with aqueous hydrogenchloride. The crystals are collected by suction filtration. The cake iswashed with ethanol and dried in vacuo.

Yield: 42 g

¹H-NMR: (Gemini 200, Varian, 200 MHz) (DMSO-d6) δ=9.11 (s, br, 1H; OH),6.98 (d, br, J=8.4, 2H; arom.), 6.65 (d, br, J=8.4, 2H; arom.), 5.32 (s,br, 1H; OH), 3.00 (dd, J=12.3 and 8.5, 1H), 2.73 (dd, J=8.5 and 6.3,1H), 2.36 (dd, J=12.3 and 6.3, 1H), 2.15 (s, 6H, 2×Me), 1.7-0.8 (m, 10H,c-hex).

EXAMPLE 6 Preparation of O-desmethyl-venlafaxine Free Base

A 12 L multi-necked flask, equipped with a mechanical stirrer, athermometer, a 1 L pressure equalizing dropping funnel, and a Claisendistillation head equipped with a downward condenser attached to a 5 Lreceiver with a vacuum take-off, was placed in a heating mantle. Thesystem was purged with nitrogen and a nitrogen atmosphere wasmaintained. The distillation flask was charged with 4.00 L (4.00 mol,5.55 molar excess) of 1 M L-selectride. The dropping funnel was chargedwith a solution of 200.00 g (0.720 mol) of venlafaxine base in 0.6936 kg(800 mL) of anhydrous 1,2-dimethoxyethane while maintaining the nitrogenatmosphere. The solution of venlafaxine base was added to the stirredL-selectride solution over a period of 15 minutes using rinses of1,2-dimethoxyethane (2×400 mL, 2×0.3468 kg). Hydrogen was vented andbubbled through a dispersion tube into water. No significant temperaturechange occurred during the addition.

The dropping funnel was replaced with a similar 4 L funnel charged with2.4276 kg (2800 mL) of anhydrous 1,2-dimethoxyethane. The system wasagain purged with nitrogen and a nitrogen atmosphere was maintained. Thesolution was heated and distilled at atmospheric pressure until theliquid level reached the 4 L mark and the reaction flask temperature was84-85° C. While distilling, 2.4276 kg (2800 mL) of 1,2-dimethoxyethanewas added dropwise at a rate which maintained the liquid level at the4.00 L level until the temperature in the reaction flask reached 93-94°C. A crystalline precipitate was observed. The distillate was discarded.

The stirred slurry of crystals was cooled to 90° C., the stirrer wasstopped, and the dropping funnel and distillation equipment was removed.The flask was then equipped with a reflux condenser fitted with anitrogen inlet. The system was purged with nitrogen and a nitrogenatmosphere was maintained. The slurry was stirred and heated at refluxunder a nitrogen atmosphere for about 19 hours. The initial temperatureof the slurry at reflux was 94-96° C. and the final temperature was 97°C. Copious crystallization occurred. The slurry was cooled to roomtemperature.

12 L of distilled water in a 20 L Duran flask was purged with nitrogento remove oxygen and carbon dioxide. The purging was repeated asnecessary. This water is hereinafter referred to as “nitrogen purgeddistilled water”.

The heating mantle was removed and replaced with an ice/water bath tobring the temperature of the reaction mixture to near room temperature.The flask was equipped with a 1000 mL pressure equalizing droppingfunnel. The stirred reaction mixture was cooled with an ice/alcohol bathto obtain a temperature of 15-20° C. While the nitrogen atmosphere wasmaintained, the reaction mixture was quenched by dropwise addition of0.296 kg (296 mL) of the nitrogen purged distilled water. The additionwas controlled so as to maintain the temperature below 25° C. Thetemperature rose to 15-24° C. as a result of an exotherm. The mixturewas stirred at ambient temperature for about 1 hour. A thick gel-likeprecipitate, which was formed initially, was converted into acrystalline precipitate during this period. While the reaction mixturewas maintained in the nitrogen atmosphere, the flask was equipped with aClaisen distillation head, a downward condenser with a vacuum take-offand a 5 L receiving flask chilled in an ice/water bath. The stirredreaction mixture was distilled under pump vaccum (109-134 mm Hg) down tothe 2.80 L mark at a distillation flask temperature of 25-38° C. Thedistillate was discarded. 3.00 kg (3000 mL) of nitrogen purged distilledwater was added.

The stirred mixture was distilled under pump vacuum (113-187 mm Hg) downto 2.80 L at a distillation flask temperature of 35-50° C. to form abiphasic mixture. The distillate (Distillate A) was discarded by theWaste Treatment procedure described below. The warm biphasic mixture(35-40° C.) was transferred to a 4 L separatory funnel using rinses of600 mL of nitrogen purged distilled water and 0.5296 kg (600 mL) oftoluene. The two phases were mixed and then allowed to separate. A smallquantity of solid at the interface was discarded. The aqueous layer wasextracted consecutively with toluene (2×0.5196 kg, 2×600 mL) and heptane(0.5472 kg, 800 mL). The organic phases (Extract A) were discarded bythe Waste Treatment procedure described below. A sufficient amount ofnitrogen purged distilled water was added to the aqueous layer toachieve a volume of 3.60 L.

A 12 L multi-necked flask was equipped with a mechanical stirrer, athermometer, and a condenser with a nitrogen inlet. The flask was purgedwith nitrogen and a nitrogen atmosphere was maintained in the flask.

The 3.60 L aqueous layer was transferred to the empty 12 L flask. Thestirred solution was cooled under nitrogen to 10-15° C. with anice/water bath. From a 1000 mL pressure equalizing dropping funnel, 410mL of 12 N hydrochloric acid was added dropwise to the stirred solutionwhile maintaining the temperature at 10-15° C. with the ice/water bathand until a pH of 3.5±0.2 was reached. A small precipitate was formed.

The resulting suspension was filtered through a Celite pad onpolypropylene cloth in a 19 cm Buchner funnel into a 5 L multi-neckedflask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, a thermometer, a condenserwith a nitrogen inlet and a 1000 mL pressure equalizing dropping funnel.The filter pad was washed with 300 mL of nitrogen purged distilledwater.

The filter funnel was removed. The system was flushed with nitrogen andagain maintained in a nitrogen atmosphere. To the stirred solution, 76mL of 10 N sodium hydroxide was added from the dropping funnel until apH of 9.6±0.2 was reached. The resulting slurry of crystals was cooledto 5-10° C. and the slurry of crystals was maintained at 0-5° C. forabout 1 hour.

The solid was collected on a polypropylene cloth in a 19 cm Buchnerfunnel. The filter cake was washed with 3×200 mL of nitrogen purgeddistilled water. The filtrate was discarded.

A 12 L multi-necked flask was equipped with a mechanical stirrer, athermometer, and a condenser with a nitrogen inlet. The flask was purgedwith nitrogen and a nitrogen atmosphere was maintained in the flask. Theflask was charged with 3000 mL of nitrogen purged distilled water andcooled to 15-20° C. with an ice/water bath. The solids collected on thepolypropylene cloth were added to the stirred water in the flask andstirred at 15-20° C. until a smooth suspension was obtained (about 30minutes).

The solid was collected on a polypropylene cloth in a 19 cm Buchnerfunnel using 600 mL of nitrogen purged distilled water to complete thetransfer. The filter cake was washed with water (3×300 mL) and filtered.A dam was formed on top of the filter with a sheet of latex rubber andan aspirator vacuum was applied to the filter flask for about 5 hours.The white solid was dried in a vacuum oven under oil pump vacuum at 80°C. for about 18 hours. The solid was crushed and re-dried if necessaryto constant weight. The yield was 90.7% (172.3 g) (HPLC Analysis:Strength or Purity (w/w): 98.8%, Impurities (excluding inorganics)(w/w): 0.046%, Ash (inorganics) (w/w): 0.14%).

Waste Treatment

The waste to be discarded contained byproducts, such astris(1-methylpropyl)-borane and tris(1-methylpropyl)-boroxin. A 22 L or50 L multi-necked flask was equipped with a mechanical stirrer, athermometer, and a condenser with a nitrogen inlet. The flask was purgedwith nitrogen using a Firestone valve and a nitrogen atmosphere wasmaintained in the flask.

Distillate A and Extract A were combined in the flask to obtain abiphasic mixture (4.00 L with 400 mL of an aqueous bottom phase) under anitrogen atmosphere. The stirrer was started and 600 mL of 10 N sodiumhydroxide and 600 mL of water were added. A slurry of sodium perboratetetrahydrate (1.848 kg, 12.01 moles, ˜3 equivalents per mole oftris(1-methylpropyl)borane) in 12 L of water was added in portions withice/water cooling over about 20 minutes to maintain the temperature at28-38° C. After the exotherm had subsided, the mixture was stirred at22-23° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere for about 18 hours. The soliddissolved and two liquid phases remained.

The stirrer was stopped and the phases were allowed to separate. Theupper phase was examined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry todetermine if any tris(1-methylpropyl)borane ortris(1-methylpropyl)boroxin was still detectable. If any was detected,80 g (0.52 mol) of sodium perborate was added as a slurry in 400 mL ofwater and the solution was stirred at 22-23° C. for about 18 hours. Oncetris(1-methylpropyl)borane and tris(1-methylpropyl)boroxin were nolonger detectable in the upper phase, the aqueous phase was checked forits oxidizing capability (for example, due to peroxides and excesssodium perborate) with starch iodide paper.

The phases of the solution were then separated. The top organic layerwas combined with other organic waste from the synthesis to bediscarded. The aqueous layer was combined with other aqueous waste fromthe synthesis to be discarded.

The following procedures were used in the Examples 7-11 below.

X-ray Powder Diffraction

XRPD analyses were carried out on a Shimadzu XRD-6000 X-ray powderdiffractometer using Cu Kα radiation. The instrument is equipped with afine focus X-ray tube. The tube power and amperage were set at 40 kV and40 mA, respectively. The divergence and scattering slits were at 1° andthe receiving slit was set at 0.15 mm. Diffracted radiation was detectedby a NaI scintillation detector. A theta-two theta continuous scan at3°/min (0.4 s/0.02° step) from 2.5 to 40° 2θ was used. A siliconstandard was analyzed each day to check the instrument alignment.

In cases where preferred orientation [vide infra] occurred during X-raypowder diffraction, the ODV succinate was sometimes placed betweenfolded weighing paper, then ground with an agate pestle and re-analyzedby XRPD.

Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)

Thermogravimetric analysis was conduct on a TA Instruments 2950thermogravimetric analyzer. The calibration standards were nickel andAlumel™. Approximately 8-20 mg of sample were placed in the pan,accurately weighed, and inserted into the TG furnace. The samples wereheated under nitrogen at a rate of 10° C./min, up to a final temperatureof 300° C. Weight derivative (%/° C.) was used to determine total weightloss between 40° C. and the temperature at which the derivative was zero(usually 150° C.). The results of TGA for Examples 8-12 below are shownin FIG. 8.

Different Scanning Calorimetry

DSC analyses were carried out on a TA Instruments differential scanningcalorimeter 2920. Approximately 3-5 mg of sample was placed into a DSCpan, and the weight accurately recorded. The pan was hermeticallysealed. Each sample was heated under nitrogen at a rate of 10° C./min,up to final temperature of 250° C. Indium metal was used as thecalibration standard. Reported DSC temperatures are at the transitionmaxima. The results of DSC for Examples 8, 9, 11, and 12 below are shownin FIG. 6.

DSC Glass Transition

For studies of the glass transition temperature (T_(g)) of the amorphousmaterial, the sample was heated under nitrogen at a rate of 10° C./minup to a final temperature of 250° C. The sample pan was hermeticallysealed.

EXAMPLE 7 Preparation of Form I of ODV Succinate

A 5 L multi-necked flask, equipped with a stirrer, a thermometer, and acondenser, with a nitrogen inlet attached to a Firestone valve wereplaced in a heating mantle. The system was purged with nitrogen and anitrogen atmosphere was maintained. 1.668 kg (2111 mL) acetone and 0.667kg (667 mL) water were charged into the flask. The stirrer was startedand 0.250 kg (0.949 mol) O-desmethyl-venlafaxine free base (prepared asdescribed in Example 6) were added. The suspension was stirred for 30minutes. 0.1155 kg (0.978 mol) succinic acid were added and the transferwas completed with rinses of acetone (0.186 kg, 236 mL) and water (0.075kg, 75 mL). The suspension was stirred, warmed to 60° C. (±3° C.), andmaintained at 60° C. (±3° C.) while being stirred for 30-60 minutes. Aclear to cloudy solution was obtained. The mixture was then filteredthrough a filter comprised of polypropylene cloth with a filter paperunderlay into a 5 L multi-necked flask equipped with a mechanicalstirrer, a thermometer, and a condenser fitted with a vacuum outlet. Thefilter funnel was rinsed with warm (50-60° C.) aqueous acetone (24:76v/v, 427 mL). The system was purged with nitrogen and the solution wascooled to 30-35° C. to induce crystallization. The stirred slurry ofcrystals was maintained at that temperature for about 4 hours. Thestirred slurry of crystals was cooled to 0-5° C. and maintained at thattemperature for about 1 hour. The crystals were collected on apolypropylene cloth filter with a filter paper underlay in a 15 cmfunnel. The filter cake was washed with cold (0-5° C.) aqueous acetone(24:76 v/v, 2×300 mL) and filtered for 5 minutes. A dam was formed ontop of the filter with a sheet of latex rubber. An aspirator was appliedto the filter cake for 1 hour. The weight of the filter cake was about0.351 kg. The product was dried under vacuum (50 mm Hg) at 30±5° C. for12 hours. The product was then dried under vacuum (50 mm Hg) at 45±5° C.for 24 hours.

An XRPD of the ODV succinate is shown in FIG. 1.

Alternative Preparation of Form I of ODV Succinate

A 5 L multi-necked flask equipped with a stirrer, a thermometer, and acondenser with a nitrogen inlet attached to a Firestone valve are placedin a heating mantle. The system is purged with nitrogen and a nitrogenatmosphere was maintained. 1.651 kg (2090 mL) acetone and 0.660 kg (660mL) water are charged into the flask. The stirrer is started and 0.250kg (0.949 mol) O-desmethyl-venlafaxine free base (prepared as describedin Example 6) are added. The suspension is stirred for 30 minutes.0.1155 kg (0.978 mol) succinic acid are added. The suspension isstirred, warmed to 60° C. (±3° C.), and maintained at 60° C. (±3° C.)while being stirred for 30-60 minutes. The mixture is then filteredthrough a filter comprised of Celite on polypropylene cloth with afilter paper underlay into a 5 L multi-necked flask equipped with amechanical stirrer, a thermometer, and a condenser fitted with a vacuumoutlet. The filter funnel is rinsed with warm (50-60° C.) aqueousacetone (24:76 v/v, 427 mL). The system is purged with nitrogen and thesolution is cooled to 30-35° C. to induce crystallization. The stirredslurry of crystals is maintained at that temperature for about 4 hours.The stirred slurry of crystals is cooled to 0-5° C. and maintained atthat temperature for about 1 hour. The crystals are collected on apolypropylene cloth filter with a filter paper underlay in a 15 cmfunnel. The filter cake is washed with cold (0-5° C.) aqueous acetone(24:76 v/v, 2×300 mL) and filtered. A dam for the filter cake is formedwith a sheet of latex rubber. An aspirator is applied to the filter cakefor 1 hour. The weight of the wet cake is about 0.351 kg. The product isdried under vacuum (50 mm Hg) at 30±5° C. for 12 hours. The product isthen dried under vacuum (50 mm Hg) at 45±5° C. for 24 hours. The yieldwas 85.8% (325.2 g) (HPLC Analysis: Impurities (excluding inorganics)(w/w): 0.0%, Ash (inorganics) (w/w): 0.0%, Amount of any single impurity(w/w): <0.01%).

EXAMPLE 8 Preparation of Form II of ODV Succinate

Form II was prepared by dissolving 306.1 mg of Form I in 200 ml acetone,filtering the solution through a 0.2 um nylon disc followed by vacuumstripping the filtrate on a rotary evaporator at ambient temperature.

An XRPD of the ODV succinate is shown in FIG. 2.

EXAMPLE 9 Preparation of Form III of ODV Succinate

Form III was prepared using two different milling techniques. In thefirst technique, ball-mill grinding, 290.2 mg of Form I was measuredinto a stainless steel cylinder with a ball, the sealed container wasplaced on a Retsch Mixer and milled for five minutes at a frequency of30/s. At the end of the cycle, a spatula was used to scrape materialfrom the walls. The procedure was repeated three times for a total milltime of 20 minutes. In the second technique, cryo-grinding, 40.5 mg ofForm I was charged to a stainless steel cylinder with a rod, the sealedcontainer was then placed in a SPEX Freezer mill maintained at −96degrees Celsius with liquid nitrogen. The material was milled for twominutes at a frequency of 10/s (20 impacts per second), then cooled fortwo minutes. The procedure was repeated two times for total mill time ofsix minutes.

An XRPD of the ODV succinate is shown in FIG. 3.

EXAMPLE 10 Preparation of Form IV of ODV Succinate

Form IV was prepared in the following manner: A mixture of equal amountsof Form I and Form II was charged to a saturated, 0.2 um-filteredsolution of acetonitrile-ODV succinate at 54 degrees Celsius. Themixture was agitated for a period of eight days. The slurry was filteredand the recovered solids air-dried. The solids were then charged to a2-dram scintillating vial and heated for eighteen hours at 120° C.

An XRPD of the ODV succinate is shown in FIG. 4.

EXAMPLE 11 Preparation of Amorphous Form of ODV Succinate

The amorphous form of ODV succinate was prepared by charging a mixtureof 854.1 mg of Forms I and II to an open, 20-ml scintillating vial andthen placing the vial in a 150° C. oil bath for about 18 minutes.

An XRPD of the ODV succinate is shown in FIG. 5. According to DSC, theT_(g) onset occurs at 18° C.

EXAMPLE 12 Preparation of Form II of ODV Succinate

56 g of O-desmethyl-venlafaxine, 26 g of succinic acid, 112 g ofacetone, and 112 g of purified water were charged into a container. Theresulting slurry was heated to reflux (about 62° C.) until a solutionformed. The solution was cooled slightly and 1.2 g of charcoal 2S wascharged. The solution was refluxed for about 15 minutes. The solutionwas filtered through a Seitz filter and the filter cake was washed with5 g of acetone. The hot solution was then charged into a bulb equippedwith a reflux condenser. A vacuum was applied from the top of thecondenser. The solution began to boil and crystallize. The solution wasstirred. The vacuum was applied until the slurry reached 20° C. Thesolution was cooled with an external ice bath to 5° C. The crystals wereisolated by suction filtration. The filter cake was washed with amixture of 11 g of purified water and 45 g of acetone. Air was suckedthrough the cake for about 2 hours. About 70 g of ODV succinate wasformed.

Alternative Preparation of Form II of ODV Succinate by FastCrystallization

A 2 L 4-neck flask was charged with O-desmethyl-venlafaxine (75.0 g,0.285 mol), acetone (627 mL), succinic acid (34.50 g, 0.29 mol), andwater (197.5 mL). The suspension was warmed to 60° C. and filteredthrough a pad of Celite. The filter pad was washed with a warm mixtureof acetone (97 mL) and water (30.6 mL). The filtrate was transferred toa clean 2 L flask rinsing with acetone (50 mL). The temperature of thesolution was 28° C. The solution was allowed to cool and crystallizationbegan at 23° C. The mixture was then rapidly cooled in an ice/water bathto 0-5° C. The mixture was stirred at 0-5° C. for 2 hours. The solidswere isolated by filtration and washed with cold aqueous acetone (2×200mL, 25:75 v/v water/acetone). The wet filter cake was dried in a vacuumoven at 35±5° C. (50 mm Hg) for 48 hours to yield ODV succinatemonohydrate as white crystals (89.5 g, 78.7%).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 10-9 (bs, 2H), 7.00 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 6.65(d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 3.4-3.2 (bs, 1H), 3.12 (dd, J=7.0, 12.2 Hz, 1H), 2.74(t, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 2.7-2.58 (m, 1H), 2.50 (s, 3H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 2.28(s, 4H), 1.50-1.25 (m, 6H), 1.20-0.80 (4H).

EXAMPLE 13 Rat Jejuvanal Test

The rat intestine perfusion technique is a direct way to measure theregional absorption properties of a test compound in thegastrointestinal tract. Rat intestinal permeability coefficient (Peff)can be used to predict human in vivo oral absorption of passivelyabsorbed compounds. Fagerholm, M. Johansson, and H. Lennernäs,“Comparison between permeability coefficients in rat and human jejunum”,Pharm. Res., 13, 1996, 1336-1342, have demonstrated a good correlationbetween rat Peff and human fraction of dose absorbed (Fa) for a seriesof compounds. Meanwhile, some other characteristics such as formulableMaximum Absorbable Dose (MAD), FDA Biopharmaceutical Classification,etc. can also be estimated.

Materials

Perfusion buffer (PB) consisted of KC1 (5.4 mM), NaC1 (48 mM), Na₂HPO₄(28 mM), NaH₂PO₄ (43 mM), mannitol (35 mM), polyethylene glycol(PEG)-4000 (0.1%, w/v), glucose (10 mM). The pH was adjusted to 6.8 withNaOH and osmolarity was adjusted to 290+10 mOsm/l with 1.0 M NaC1.Before the experiment, ¹⁴C-PEC-4000 (0.02 μCi/mL), 3H-mannitol (0.025μCi/mL), metoprolol (20 μg/mL), and ODV succinate or fumarate (50 μg/mL)were added.

Rats used in this study were Charles River CD males, ranging in weightfrom approximately 300-350 grams.

Internal Standard Compounds

Metoprolol (a well-absorbed and passively transported compound) was usedas a standard and tested simultaneously along with the ODV compounds.Glucose (a well-absorbed and actively transported compound) was used tomonitor the physiological functionality of the intestinal barriers.¹⁴C-labeled PEG-4000 was used as a non-absorbable marker to describe thewater flux across the intestinal wall. ³H-labeled mannitol was used as aparacellularly transported marker to indicate the integrity of theintestinal tight junctions.

Analytical Methods

All chemicals were of analytical grade. After each experiment, all theanalytic assays were performed promptly. For isotope determinations, 0.5mL of perfusate sample containing ¹⁴C PEG-4000 and ³H-mannitol was mixedwith 5 mL of scintillation cocktail. Radioactivity was counted in aliquid scintillation counter (Wallac 1409). Glucose concentration wasdetermined by the glucose oxidase method (Biochemistry Analyzer).Metoprolol and the ODV compounds were analyzed by HPLC-UV/Vis (HP-1100with a diode-array detector), using a YMC AQ 120 μ, 5 μ, 150×4.6 mmcolumn and step gradient mobile phase containing water/0.1% TFA andacetonitrile. The ODV compounds and metoroplol were detected at 226 and272 nm UV wavelength, respectively. Blank perfusate was assayed toevaluate the interference at these chromatographic conditions.

In Situ Rat Jejunal Perfusion

The perfusions were performed in three intestinal sections ofanesthetized rats: duodenum-jejunum, ileum, and colon. The lengths ofthe segments were approximately 10-12 cm for small intestine segmentsand 5-6 cm for colon segments. An inflow cannula was inserted at theproximal end and an outflow cannula was inserted at the distal end.Perfusate was pumped through the segment at 0.19 mL/min, and collectedat 20, 40, 55, 70, 85 and 100 minutes.

ODV succinate or fumarate was added to the perfusion working buffer at aconcentration of 50 μg/mL, which is approximately equivalent to a 200 mghuman does. The disappearance rates of ODV compound, metoprolol, andglucose were determined from each collection interval by comparing tothe initial compound solution remaining in the syringe at the end of the100 minutes. This is to correct for any losses due to binding to thesyringe or tubing. Meanwhile, drug concentration in perfusate sampleswere corrected for water influx/efflux, which was computed, based on¹⁴C-PEG-4000 concentration changes.

Data Analysis

a. Recovery and Water Flux

Recovery of ¹⁴C-PEG-4000 was determined to provide information on theintegrity of the perfused intestinal segment:% PEG_(rec)=(ΣPEG_(out)/ΣPEG_(in))*100Overall ¹⁴C-PEG-4000 recovery was calculated and any data for which theindividual recovery fell outside of the range of 96%-103% was excludedfrom the data set. Values below this range would indicate tissue damagethat allows passage of PEG-4000 outside of the perfused segment, whilevalues above this range would indicate significant water movement out ofthe segment.

Water movement across the gut wall was determined by calculation of netwater fluid:Net Water Flux (NWF)=[(1-PEG_(out)/PEG_(in))*Q]/Lwhere PEG_(out) and PEG_(in) are the amount of radioactivity (dpm) of¹⁴C-PEG-4000 in inlet and outlet sides of the perfused intestinalsegment, respectively; Q is the flow rate of perfusate; and L is thelength of perfused segment (cm).

b. Peff Calculation

The presence of the ODV compound in the perfusate was determined byHPLC. The amount of drug present at each time point was corrected forwater movement across the wall of the intestine:C _(out,corr) =C _(out)*(PEG_(in)/PEG_(out))where C_(out) is the concentration of drug in outlet perfusate;C_(out,corr) is the concentration of drug in outlet perfusate correctedfor water moving in or out of the segment, as determined by the recoveryof ¹⁴C-PEG-4000.

Effective intestinal permcability, Peff (cm/sec), was determined by thefollowing equation:Peff=[Q*(C _(in) −C _(out,corr))/C _(in)]/2 μrLwhere Q is the flow rate; C_(in) is the concentration of drug in inletperfusate; 2 μrL is the inner surface area of the perfused segment, withr assumed to be 0.18 cm in the rat (see G. Amidon, H. Lennernäs, V.Shah, J. Crison. “A theoretical basis for a biopharmaceutic drugclassification: The correlation of in vitro drug product dissolution andin vivo bioavailability.” Pharm. Res. 12, 1995, 413-420) and L thelength of the perfused segment (cm).

c. Fraction Absorbed (Fa)

The fraction of dose absorbed, Fa, in human is currently predicted from(Fagerholm, M. ibid:Fa=100*(1−e ^(−(2*(α*Peff,rat+β)*(tres/r)))where α and β are the correction factors, tres is the residence time inhuman small intestine; and r is the radius of the human small intestine.

d. Maximum Absorbable Dose (MAD)

The maximum absorbable dose, MAD, in humans can be calculated as:

MAD = ka * ∫₀^(t)Cs * V* 𝕕t $\begin{matrix}{{MAD} = {{ka}*{Cs}*V_{0}*{tres}}} \\{= {\left( {{2*{Peff}},{h\text{/}r}} \right)*{Cs}*V_{0}*{tres}}}\end{matrix}$where ka is a first-order absorption rate constant; tres is theresidence time in a human small intestine; r is the radius of the humansmall intestine, and V_(o) is the estimated volume of fluid present inthe gastrointestinal tract. See Johnson, K. C., Swindell, A. C.“Guidance in setting of drug particle size specifications to minimizevariability in absorption”. Pharm. Res. 13(2), 1996, 1795-1798).Results

Stability in Jejunal Fluids

The stability of ODV succinate or fumarate in the solutions of blankperfusion buffer (Pβ), and jejunal fluids (perfusion buffer collected bywashing the isolated jejunal segment, pH=6.8) was determined at 37° C.for up to 6 hours. The results indicated than no apparentdegradation/metabolism of these two salt forms was evident under thesetest conditions. The results for ODV Succinate are presented in Table 7below. Similar data was obtained for ODV fumarate.

TABLE 7 Incubation Time Blank Perfusion Buffer¹ Intestinal fluid^(1,2)(hours) (ODV Succinate) (ODV Succinate) 0 100.0 100.0 2 99.9 99.6 3100.3 99.8 6 99.9 100.1 ¹The data is the relative percentage remaining(%) of HPLC peak area at different time points over time zero. ²Totalprotein concentration approximately 0.2 mg/ml.

Rat Jejunal Perfusion Results

Site-Specific Absorption of ODV Succinate

The Peff values for ODV succinate in the small intestine(0.912±0.067×10−5 cm/sec in duodenum-jejunum, 1.73±0.22*10⁻⁵ cm/sec inileum) were lower than metoprolol's Peff values. The Peff value of ODVsuccinate in the colon was found to be 0.062±0.031×10⁻⁵ cm/sec, which isabout 10% of metoprolol's Peff value in the colon. The ileum segmentseems to be the best absorption site for ODV succinate. The Peff's ratioof duodenum-jejunum vs. ileum vs. colon was found to be 1.00:1.90:0.07,indicating that small intestinal sites of duodenum, jejunum, and ilcumpredominate the oral absorption of this compound (μ90%) for an IR dosageform. (Dongzhou Liu, S. Ng, R. Saunders, “Effect of Polysorbate 80 onTransport of Mannitol, Glucose, and Water Flux in Rat Small Intestine”,PharmSci., 2, 2000; Doungzhou Liu, S. Ng, R. Saunders. “InvestigatingIntestinal Uptake of Zaleplon in site and Simulating/Predicting OralAbsorption in vivo”, Submitted to PharmSci. 3(4), 2001).

Based on this experimental Peff, the human in vivo Fa of ODV succinatewas predicted to be in the range of 60-77% in the small intestine and aFa of 20% in the colon, as shown in FIGS. 9 and 10 and Table 8 below.The delivery vehicle was perfusion buffer (pH=6.8). The test at eachabsorption site was repeated with 3 rats and the Peff values wereaveraged.

TABLE 8 Rat Perfusion Data of ODV Succinate (50 μg/ml) Fa (%) Absorp-(predicted tion Peff_(ODV Succinate) Peff_(Meloprolol)Peff_(ODV Succinate)/ human Site (10⁻⁵ cm/sec) (10⁻⁵ cm/sec)Peff_(Meloprolol) in vivo) Jejunum 0.912 ± 0.067 2.50 ± 0.11 0.37 ± 0.0461.3 ± 2.5 Ileum 1.73 ± 0.22 3.22 ± 0.07 0.54 ± 0.07 76.6 ± 3.8 Colon0.062 ± 0.031 0.583 ± 0.087 0.12 ± 0.07 16.4 ± 3.4

An estimated maximum absorbable dose (MAD) was generated based on therat data. The MAD of ODV succinate in the entire gastrointestinal (GI)tract (human) was estimated to be about 8.6 grams, which is the sum of2236 mg in the duodenum-jejunum, 5629 mg in the ileum, and 683 mg in thecolon.

Site-Specific Absorption of ODV Fumarate

The site-specific absorption of ODV fumarate was investigated under thesame study conditions as ODV succinate (50 μg/ml in pH 6.8 perfusionbuffer). The test at each absorption site was repeated with 3 rats(except for in the Jejunum, where only 2 rats were tested) and the Peffvalues were averaged. The results are shown in Table 9 below and FIGS.11, 12, and 13.

Rat Perfusion Data of ODV Fumarate (50 μg/ml) Fa (%) AbsorptionPeff_(ODV Fumarate) Peff_(Meloprolol) Peff_(ODV Fumarate)/ (predictedhuman Site (10⁻⁵ cm/sec) (10⁻⁵ cm/sec) Peff_(Meloprolol) in vivo)Jejunum 0.245 ± 0.237 1.78 ± 0.93 0.09 ± 0.08 30.6 ± 20.0 Ileum 0.678 ±0.295 53 0.19 ± 0.06 44.7 ± 11.4 Colon 0 11 0 0

In general, the results show that ODV fumarate was less absorbed thanODV succinate in the rat GI tract. In the small intestine, the Peffvalues of the fumarate salt (0.24-0.68×10⁻⁵ cm/sec) were only about27μ40% of the succinate's Peff values. In the colon, no measurableabsorption of ODV fumarate was found.

The in vivo Fa of ODV fumarate was estimated to be in the range of33-45% in the small intestine and 0 in the colon, indicating an overalllow absorption of this compound in the entire GI tract. The MAD waspredicted to be about 440 mg.

The results of the site-specific intestinal absorption of ODV succinateand ODV fumarate show that ODV succinate has better absorption in thesmall intestine and in the colon than ODV fumarate. Several publicationshave demonstrated that there is high correlation between the ratperfusion model and in vivo human absorption (see e.g., Doungzhou Liu,S. Ng, R. Saunders. “Investigating Intestinal Uptake of Zaleplon in siteand Simulating/Predicting Oral Absorption in vivo”, Submitted toPharmSci. 3(4), 2001).

EXAMPLE 14 Bioavailability of O-desmethyl-venlafaxine in Beagle Dogs

Test Formulations

An intravenous solution containing 25 mg/mL of Form I of ODV succinatewas prepared by mixing 3.8168 g (2.5% w/v) of the ODV succinate in asufficient amount of water for injection, USP to obtain 100 mL ofsolution.

An oral solution containing 25 mg/mL of Form I of ODV succinate wasprepared by mixing 3.8170 g (2.5% w/v) of the ODV succinate in asufficient amount of water for injection, USP to obtain 100 mL ofsolution. Prior to administration, the oral solution (25 mg/mL) wasdiluted to a concentration of 7.5 mg/mL with water.

Tablets each containing the ingredients listed in the table below wereprepared by the method described in Example 15 for preparing ODVSuccinate Formulation #2.

Ingredient mg per tablet % w/w ODV Succinate (Form I was used in the116.70 39.2 preparation) (75.00 as free base) HPMC 2208 USP 100, 100 SR175.05 58.8 Magnesium Stearate 5.95 2.0 Purified Water USP q.s. q.s.Total 297.70 100.0

Capsules (HGC Size 0) each containing the ingredients listed in thetable below were prepared by the method described in Example 15 forpreparing ODV Succinate Formulation #1.

Ingredient mg per tablet % w/w ODV Succinate (Form I was used in the116.70 39.5 preparation) (75.00 as free base) Microcrystalline Cellulose(Avicel PH200)* 177.26 60.0 Magnesium Stearate 1.48 0.5 Total 295.44100.0 *Available from FMC BioPolymer of Philadelphia, PA.Study Animals

Six male beagle dogs with body weights ranging between 10.2 and 16.0 kgwere used in this study. The dogs were housed and given free access towater and food.

Study Design

The six dogs were dosed in a 4 period study. In Period 1, the dogsreceived 1 mL of the intravenous solution. In Period 2, the dogsreceived 10 mL of the oral solution. In Period 3, the dogs received thetablet. In Period 4, the dogs received the capsule. There was a one weekwash out period between the first two treatment periods and a one monthwash out period between treatment periods 2 and 3. Between periods 3 and4, there was a one week wash out period. For periods 1 and 2, all dogswere fasted overnight with free access to water and fed after thefour-hour bleeding. For periods 3 and 4, all dogs were fed 30 minutesprior to dosing and with free access to water.

Blood Samples

In periods 1 and 2, blood samples were drawn from the jugular vein at 0(predose), 0.05 (intravenous only) and 0.13 (intravenous only), 0.25,0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, 24, 32, and 48 hours after dosing into 5 mLheparinized vacutainers and immediately placed on ice. In periods 3 and4, blood samples were drawn from the jugular vein at 0 (predose), 0.25,0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, and 32 hours after dosing into 5mL heparinized vacuatiners and immediately placed on ice. Plasma wasseparated in a refrigerated centrifuge and stored at −70° C. Plasmasamples were then assayed.

Sample Analysis

Plasma O-desmethyl-venlafaxine concentrations were determined by theHPLC method using mass spectrometric detection described in Hicks, D.R., Wolaniuk, D., Russel, A., Cavanaugh, N., Kraml, M., “Ahigh-performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneousdetermination of venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine in biologicalfluids”, Ther. Drug Monit. 16:100-107 (1994), which is herebyincorporated by reference. Based on a 0.2 mL sample volume, the methodhas a limit of quantitation for O-desmethyl-venlafaxine of 5.05 ng/mL.Total O-desmethyl-venlafaxine levels were determined after incubating0.2 mL of plasma samples in β-glucuronidase for ˜18 hours.O-desmethyl-venlafaxine-glucuronide levels were determined bysubtracting the O-desmethyl-venlafaxine (separate extraction procedurewithout the use of β-glucuronidase and analyzed by HPLC-MS)concentrations from the total O-desmethyl-venlafaxine concentrations.

Data Analysis

Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from theindividual dog plasma O-desmethyl-venlafaxine andO-desmethyl-venlafaxine-glucuronide concentration-time profiles. Areaunder the plasma concentration-time curves (AUC_(0-μ)) values werecalculated by the addition of AUC_(Last) (AUC_(Last)=the lineartrapezoid rule from time zero to the last measurable plasmaconcentration, CP_(Last)) and CP_(Last)/lambda. The values for lambdawere determined from the long-linear portion of the terminal slope ofthe plasma O-desmethyl-venlafaxine andO-desmethyl-venlafaxine-glucuronide concentration-time profile after theintravenous dose. The half-life (t_(half)) was calculated ast_(half)=0.693/lambda. The peak plasma concentration (C_(max)) and thetime to reach C_(max) (t_(max)) were noted directly from the plasmaconcentration-time profiles.

Absolute bioavailability was determined by comparing the dose normalizedAUC_(0-μ)values following the intravenous administration.

Results

All levels reported as below limit of quantitation (BLQ) were assigned avalue of zero for calculation purposes. The bioanalytical resultsdemonstrated that O-desmethyl-venlafaxine-glucuronide levels account forthe major portion of total circulating O-desmethyl-venlafaxine levelsafter the administration of ODV succinate.

Based on the total O-desmethyl-venlafaxine levels, the absorption ofO-desmethyl-venlafaxine and ODV succinate is essentially complete fromthe oral formulation with 121%, 103% and 76% absolute bioavailabilityfor the oral solution, capsule, and tablet formulations, respectively.

Mean (% CV) Bioavailability Parameters of ODV Succinate (Expressed asFree ODV Levels) Oral Intravenous Solution Capsule Tablet Solution (75mg) (75 mg) (75 mg) (25 mg) AUC (ng * hr/mL) 835 (33) 904 (29) 677 (23)746 (14) C_(max) (ng/mL) 450 (23) 465 (37) 115 (24) — t_(max) (hr) 0.50(55)  0.55 (68)  2.92 (35)  — Absolute  37 (25)  40 (17)  31 (24) —Bioavailability (%)

Mean (% CV) Bioavailability Parameters of ODV Succinate in Beagle DogsExpressed as ODV-glucuronide Levels Oral Intravenous Solution TabletSolution (75 mg) Capsule (75 mg) (75 mg) (25 mg) AUG (ng * hr/mL) 17349(14)  13381 (14)  11686 (18)  4814 (11)  C_(max) (ng/mL) 3917 (33)  2633(20)  1235 (15)  856 (20) t_(max) (hr) 2.50 (22)  1.67 (24)  3.67 (14) 2.33 (22)  Absolute 121 (13) 95 (9)  81 (11) — Bioavailability (%)

Mean (% CV) Bioavailability Parameters of ODV Succinate in Beagle Dogs(n = 6) Expressed as Total ODV Levels Oral Intravenous Solution TabletSolution (75 mg) Capsule (75 mg) (75 mg) (25 mg) AUC (ng * hr/mL) 18184(13)  14285 (13)  12362 (18)  5560 (9) C_(max) (ng/mL) 4026 (32)  2841(19)  1337 (15)  N/A t_(max) (hr)  2.5 (22) 1.67 (24)  3.67 (14)  N/AAbsolute 109 (13) 86 (7)  74 (12) — Bioavailability (%)

EXAMPLE 15

18 human subjects were given 75 mg each of Effexor® XR (venlafaxineformulation) (available from Wyeth-Ayerst Pharmaceuticals of St. Davids,Pa.), ODV succinate formulation #1, and ODV succinate formulation #2over three different periods.

ODV succinate formulation #1, which is a capsule, is shown in the tablebelow.

ODV Succinate Formulation #1 Ingredient mg per tablet % w/w ODVSuccinate (Form I was used in the 113.9 33.5 preparation) (75.00 as freebase) Lactose Fast Flow 112.2 33.0 Microcrystalline Cellulose (AvicelPH200)* 112.2 33.0 Magnesium Stearate 1.7 0.5 Purified Water q.s. q.s.Total 340.0 100.0

ODV succinate formulation #1 was prepared as follows. The ODV succinatewas sieved through a 400 micron screen and dry mixed with lactose andmicrocrystalline cellulose in a high shear mixer. The resulting mixturewas wet granulated in a high shear mixer with purified water and driedin an oven or fluid bed drier. The mixture was blended with magnesiumstearate and encapsulated in a capsule (HGC Size 0).

ODV succinate formulation #2, which is a tablet, is shown in the tablebelow.

ODV Succinate Formulation #2 Ingredient mg per tablet % w/w ODVSuccinate (Form I was used in the 113.81 37.94 preparation) (75.00 asfree base) HPMC 2208 USP 100, 100 SR 170.44 56.81 MicrocrystallineCellulose (Avicel PH200)* 7.50 2.50 Talc 6.75 2.25 Magnesium Stearate1.50 0.50 Purified Water q.s. q.s. Total 295.44 100.0 *Available fromFMC BioPolymer of Philadelphia, PA.

ODV succinate formulation #2 was prepared as follows. The ODV succinatewas sieved through a 400 micron screen and dry mixed with HPMC,microcrystalline cellulose, and talc in a high sheer mixer. The mixturewas then wet granulated with purified water and dried in an oven orfluid bed drier. The resulting mixture was blended with HPMC and talc.Magnesium stearate was added and the mixture was again blended. Themixture was then compressed into a tablet.

All doses were administered after subjects consumed a standardizedmedium-fat breakfast. Blood samples were taken 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12,16, 20, 24, 28, 36, 48, and 72 hours after administration. The plasmaconcentrations of venlefaxine and O-desmethyl-venlafaxine in each bloodsample was determined by the method described in Hicks, D. R., Wolaniuk,D., Russel, A., Cavanaugh, N., Kraml, M., “A high-performance liquidchromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of venlafaxineand O-desmethylvenlafaxine in biological fluids”, Ther. Drug Monit.16:100-107 (1994), which is hereby incorporated by reference.

The results are shown in the table below.

Plasma Concentrations of Venlafaxine* C_(max) AUC Formulation (ng/mL)t_(max) (hr) t_(1/2) (hr) (ng * hr/mL) Effexor ® XR Mean ± Stand. Dev.40 ± 16 5.9 ± 0.5 9.5 ± 2.4 628 ± 265 % CV 39.9% 8.0% 25.6% 42.2%Min-Max 11-77 4-6 4.8-13.8 139-1292 *Since ODV Succinate Formulations #1and 2 do not include venlafaxine, the plasma concentrations ofvenlafaxine resulting from administration of them was zero.

Plasma Concentrations of O-desmethylvenlafaxine C_(max) AUC Formulation(ng/mL) t_(max) (hr) t_(1/2) (hr) (ng * hr/mL) Effexor ® XR Mean ±Stand. Dev. 88 ± 25 9.3 ± 2.9 13.2 ± 4.0  2430 ± 647  % CV 28.9% 31.2%30.4% 26.6% Min-Max  37-142  6-16  7.6-24.8 1582-3835 ODV SuccinateFormulation #1 Mean ± Stand. Dev. 282 ± 57  3.1 ± 1.3 9.4 ± 1.4 3491 ±814  % CV 20.1% 43.0% 14.7% 23.3% Min-Max 173-399 0.5-6    6.8-11.51667-5086 ODV Succinate Formulation #2 Mean ± Stand. Dev. 135 ± 54  7.3± 5.5 9.3 ± 1.9 3185 ± 944  % CV 39.9% 75.4% 20.5% 29.6% Min-Max  65-279 2-28  6.1-13.7 1100-4767

The table below shows the number of human subjects who experiencedvarious adverse effects after administration of a singled dose of ODVSuccinate Formulations #1 and 2.

Without being bound to any particular theory, it is believed thatadverse effects observed with Formulation #1 are related to the peakblood plasma level and/or tmax of the formulation. By flattening thecurve as in sustained release formulation, Formulation #2, the peakblood plasma level is reduced and the tmax delayed. Thus, in patients,as a flattened blood plasma concentration to time profile is achievedadverse event are reduced or eliminated. Thus, a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a sustained release formulation of ODV succinatehaving a peak blood plasma profile of less than about 225 ng/ml willhave reduced side effects such as nausea and emesis.

Adverse Effects After Administration of a Single Dose of ODV SuccinateFormulations #1 and 2 ODV Succinate ODV Succinate Formulation #1Formulation #2 Adverse Effect (n = 18) (n = 18) Nauseau (VAS > 5 mm) 10 1 Nauseau (VAS > 20 mm 6 1 or spontaneous) Vomiting 2 — Diarrhea 1 —Abdominal Pain — — Headache 2 — Vaso-vagal Malaise 2 — Trismus 1 —

The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the specificembodiments described herein. Indeed, various modifications of theinvention in addition to those described herein will become apparent tothose skilled in the art from the foregoing description and theaccompanying figures. Such modifications are intended to fall within thescope of the appended claims.

It is further to be understood that values are approximate, and areprovided for description.

Patents, patent applications, publications, procedures, and the like arecited throughout this application, the disclosures of which areincorporated herein by reference in their entireties. To the extent thata conflict may exist between the specification and a reference, thelanguage of the disclosure made herein controls.

1. An oral dosage form comprising O-desmethyl venlafaxine succinate,wherein the oral dosage form is a tablet.
 2. An oral dosage formcomprising O-desmethyl venlafaxine succinate, wherein the oral dosageform is a capsule.
 3. The oral dosage form of claim 1 or 2, wherein theoral dosage form comprises from about 30% to about 50% by weight ofO-desmethyl venlafaxine succinate.
 4. The oral dosage form of claim 1 or2, wherein the oral dosage form comprises from about 32% to about 44% byweight of O-desmethyl venlafaxine succinate.
 5. The oral dosage form ofclaim 1 or 2, wherein the oral dosage form comprises about 50% by weightof O-desmethyl venlafaxine succinate.
 6. The oral dosage form of claim 1or 2, wherein the oral dosage form comprises about 44% by weight ofO-desmethyl venlafaxine succinate.
 7. The dosage form of claim 1 or 2,wherein each dosage form contains from about 15 mg to about 350 mg ofO-desmethyl venlafaxine succinate.
 8. The dosage form of claim 1 or 2,wherein each dosage form contains from about 10 mg to about 1000 mg ofO-desmethyl venlafaxine succinate.
 9. The dosage form of claim 1 or 2,wherein each dosage form contains 200 mg of O-desmethyl venlafaxinesuccinate.